Helium is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless chemical element with the atomic number 2, making it the second lightest element in the periodic table. It exists as a noble gas and is characterized by its exceptionally low density, which makes it rise in air and gives it buoyant properties. Helium is most famous for its use in inflating balloons, as it is non-flammable and safer than hydrogen, but it also plays a crucial role in applications like cooling superconducting magnets in MRI machines and as a shielding gas in welding.

Atomic Weight: 4.0026
Melting Point: -272.2°C
Boiling Point: -268.9°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: 1s²
Common Oxidation States: 0
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3, making it one of the lightest and simplest elements in the Periodic Table. It is a highly reactive metal with a silvery-white appearance and is the lightest of all solid elements. Lithium is notable for its use in rechargeable batteries due to its high energy density and low weight, making it a crucial component in various portable electronic devices and electric vehicles.

Atomic Weight: 6.941
Melting Point: 180.5°C
Boiling Point: 1342°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s¹
Common Oxidation States: +1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Beryllium, represented by the chemical symbol Be and atomic number 4, is a light and relatively rare alkaline earth metal. Known for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, Beryllium is a crucial component in various high-performance alloys and materials, particularly in aerospace and nuclear industries. However, it is highly toxic when inhaled, posing health risks to workers handling it, and as such, its usage is closely regulated to ensure safety.

Atomic Weight: 9.012
Melting Point: 1278°C
Boiling Point: 2970°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²
Common Oxidation States: 2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Boron is a chemical element with the symbol "B" and the atomic number 5. It is unique among the elements due to its metalloid properties, exhibiting both nonmetallic and metallic characteristics. Boron is commonly used in a variety of applications, including the manufacture of borosilicate glass (such as Pyrex), as a component in fertilizers to promote plant growth, and in the production of specialty ceramics and semiconductors.

Atomic Weight: 10.81
Melting Point: 2079°C
Boiling Point: 2550°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²2p¹
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Carbon is a versatile and essential element in the Periodic Table, with the atomic number 6. It is known for its remarkable ability to form a wide range of compounds due to its unique bonding characteristics. Carbon is the foundation of organic chemistry, forming the backbone of countless organic molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and hydrocarbons. Its ability to form stable covalent bonds with itself and other elements underlies its crucial role in life as the basis of organic molecules, making it a fundamental element in biology and chemistry.

Atomic Weight: 12.01
Melting Point: 3367°C
Boiling Point: 4827°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²2p²
Common Oxidation States: ±4
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Nitrogen, represented by the symbol N on the Periodic Table, is a crucial non-metallic element. It makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere and plays a fundamental role in supporting life as an essential component of amino acids, DNA, and proteins. Nitrogen gas (N2) is highly stable, making it relatively inert, but when converted into compounds through processes like nitrogen fixation, it becomes a vital nutrient for plants and forms the basis of the Earth's nitrogen cycle, sustaining ecosystems and agriculture.

Atomic Weight: 14.01
Melting Point: -209.9°C
Boiling Point: -195.8°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²2p³
Common Oxidation States: -3
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Oxygen, with the atomic symbol O and atomic number 8, is a vital element in the periodic table. It is a diatomic molecule, O2, essential for supporting life as it is a key component of the Earth's atmosphere, making up around 21% of the air we breathe. Oxygen plays a crucial role in respiration, facilitating the energy production process in living organisms, and it is also involved in a wide range of chemical reactions, both in nature and industry.

Atomic Weight: 16.00
Melting Point: -218.4°C
Boiling Point: -183°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²2p⁴
Common Oxidation States: -2
Number of Valence Electrons: 6

Fluorine is a highly reactive chemical element, denoted by the symbol F on the Periodic Table. It is the most electronegative and abundant halogen in nature. Fluorine readily forms compounds with other elements, often producing corrosive and toxic substances, and it is a key component in many industrial processes, including the production of fluorinated polymers and fluoridation of drinking water for dental health.

Atomic Weight: 19.00
Melting Point: -219.8°C
Boiling Point: -188.1°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²2p⁵
Common Oxidation States: -1
Number of Valence Electrons: 7

Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It belongs to the noble gases group in the Periodic Table, characterized by its inert nature and full complement of electrons in its outermost electron shell. Neon is a colorless, odorless gas that is known for its brilliant, orange-red glow when subjected to electrical discharge, making it a crucial component in neon signs and lighting applications.

Atomic Weight: 20.18
Melting Point: -248°C
Boiling Point: -248.7°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [He]2s²2p⁶
Common Oxidation States: 0
Number of Valence Electrons: 8

Sodium (Na), with an atomic number of 11, is a highly reactive alkali metal found in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. It possesses a single valence electron, making it prone to rapid oxidation and violent reactions with water, resulting in the release of hydrogen gas and the formation of sodium hydroxide. Sodium is a crucial element for various biological and industrial processes, being a fundamental component of common salt (sodium chloride) and essential for maintaining electrolyte balance in living organisms.

Atomic Weight: 22.99
Melting Point: 97.8°C
Boiling Point: 883°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s¹
Common Oxidation States: +1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Magnesium (Mg) is a chemical element with atomic number 12. It is an alkaline earth metal found abundantly in the Earth's crust and is known for its strong affinity for oxygen. Magnesium is vital for biological systems and plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis, energy production (as a component of ATP), and muscle contraction. In its elemental form, magnesium is a lightweight, silvery-white metal with high thermal conductivity and is often used in alloys for aircraft construction and in the manufacturing of lightweight structural components.

Atomic Weight: 24.31
Melting Point: 649°C
Boiling Point: 1090°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²
Common Oxidation States: +2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Aluminum, with the chemical symbol Al and atomic number 13, is a lightweight and abundant metal. It is known for its excellent corrosion resistance due to the formation of a protective oxide layer when exposed to air, making it a widely used material in construction, aerospace, and packaging. Aluminum's atomic structure consists of 13 electrons, with its three valence electrons in the 3s²3p¹ orbitals, contributing to its electrical conductivity and malleability, making it a key element in various industrial applications.

Atomic Weight: 26.98
Melting Point: 660°C
Boiling Point: 2467°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²3p¹
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a metalloid, characterized by its unique properties, such as being a good conductor of electricity while retaining some non-metallic characteristics. Silicon is widely used in the electronics industry due to its semiconducting properties, forming the basis of silicon-based integrated circuits and serving as an essential component in the production of computer chips, solar cells, and a variety of electronic devices.

Atomic Weight: 28.09
Melting Point: 1410°C
Boiling Point: 2355°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²3p²
Common Oxidation States: ±4
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Phosphorus, with the chemical symbol P and atomic number 15, is a non-metallic element found in Group 15 of the Periodic Table. It is an essential component of life as it is a crucial building block of DNA, RNA, and ATP, the cell's energy currency. In its various allotropes, phosphorus can exhibit diverse properties, such as the highly reactive and flammable white phosphorus, used in incendiary devices, and the more stable red or black phosphorus, which has semiconductor applications.

Atomic Weight: 30.97
Melting Point: 44.1°C
Boiling Point: 280°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²3p³
Common Oxidation States: -3
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Sulfur, with the atomic symbol S and atomic number 16, is a non-metallic element found in nature. It is characterized by a distinct yellow color and possesses a molecular structure in which eight atoms form a stable octahedral arrangement. Sulfur is a crucial component in various biochemical processes, serving as a key constituent in amino acids and vitamins, and plays a vital role in the Earth's sulfur cycle. Additionally, it is utilized in numerous industrial applications, including the production of sulfuric acid and the vulcanization of rubber.

Atomic Weight: 32.07
Melting Point: 112.8°C
Boiling Point: 444.7°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²3p⁴
Common Oxidation States: -2
Number of Valence Electrons: 6

Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It is a highly reactive non-metal found in the halogen group of the periodic table. Chlorine is known for its strong oxidizing properties and is commonly used in disinfectants, water treatment, and the production of various chemicals, making it an essential element in modern industry and public health.

Atomic Weight: 35.45
Melting Point: -101°C
Boiling Point: -34.6°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²3p⁵
Common Oxidation States: -1
Number of Valence Electrons: 7

Argon (Ar) is a chemical element classified as a noble gas, and it is located in Group 18 of the Periodic Table. It is an odorless, colorless, and inert gas that makes up a small fraction of Earth's atmosphere, approximately 0.93%. Argon is characterized by its complete electron shell configuration, consisting of eight electrons in its outermost energy level, making it highly stable and unreactive. Due to its inert nature, argon is commonly used in various applications, such as providing an inert environment for welding, as a cooling gas in scientific and industrial processes, and in specialized lighting, such as neon signs and fluorescent tubes.

Atomic Weight: 39.95
Melting Point: -189.2°C
Boiling Point: -185.7°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [Ne]3s²3p⁶
Common Oxidation States: 0
Number of Valence Electrons: 8

Potassium, with the atomic symbol K and atomic number 19, is a highly reactive alkali metal located in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. It possesses a single valence electron in its outermost electron shell, which it readily donates, resulting in its strong affinity for chemical reactions, especially with water. Potassium plays a crucial role in various biological processes, acting as an essential electrolyte in cells and influencing nerve function, muscle contraction, and overall bodily fluid balance.

Atomic Weight: 39.10
Melting Point: 63.25°C
Boiling Point: 760°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]4s¹
Common Oxidation States: +1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Calcium (Ca) is a chemical element with the atomic number 20, making it one of the alkaline earth metals in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. It has 20 electrons and a relatively low atomic mass of approximately 40.08 atomic mass units. Calcium is well-known for its vital role in biological systems, serving as a critical component of bones, teeth, and cell signaling pathways, where it acts as a secondary messenger for various cellular processes. Its chemical reactivity, especially with water, showcases its strong tendency to form ionic compounds, making it essential for various industrial and biological applications.

Atomic Weight: 40.08
Melting Point: 839°C
Boiling Point: 1484°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]4s²
Common Oxidation States: +2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Scandium (Sc) is a chemical element with the atomic number 21, positioned in the d-block of the Periodic Table. It is a silvery-white, lightweight metal known for its relatively low density and high melting point. Scandium is notably used in the aerospace industry due to its exceptional strength and resistance to corrosion, making it a valuable component in the construction of lightweight, high-performance alloys for aircraft and spacecraft.

Atomic Weight: 44.96
Melting Point: 1541°C
Boiling Point: 2832°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹4s²
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a transition metal known for its exceptional strength, low density, and corrosion resistance, making it a crucial material in aerospace, medical implants, and various industrial applications. With a high strength-to-weight ratio, titanium alloys are favored for their durability, and its oxide layer provides protection against corrosion in harsh environments.

Atomic Weight: 47.87
Melting Point: 1660°C
Boiling Point: 3287°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d²4s²
Common Oxidation States: +4,3,2
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Vanadium is a transition metal with the atomic number 23 and the chemical symbol V. It is characterized by its silvery-gray appearance and is commonly found in various minerals. Vanadium is notable for its ability to exist in multiple oxidation states, with +2, +3, +4, and +5 being the most common. This versatility makes it a valuable element in the production of steel alloys, where it imparts strength and resistance to corrosion, and it also plays a role in some catalytic processes in chemical reactions.

Atomic Weight: 50.94
Melting Point: 1890°C
Boiling Point: 3380°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d³4s²
Common Oxidation States: +5,2,3,4
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Chromium (Cr), with an atomic number of 24, is a transition metal found in the Periodic Table. It is known for its striking metallic luster and remarkable corrosion resistance, owing to the formation of a thin, self-passivating oxide layer on its surface. Chromium is essential in various industrial applications, including stainless steel production, as well as in the manufacturing of pigments and coatings, and it plays a crucial role in biological systems, notably in glucose metabolism, through its presence in the biologically active form called chromium(III).

Atomic Weight: 52.00
Melting Point: 1857°C
Boiling Point: 2672°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d⁵4s¹
Common Oxidation States: +3,2,6
Number of Valence Electrons: 6

Manganese (Mn), with the atomic number 25, is a transition metal found in the Periodic Table. It is characterized by its silvery-gray appearance and excellent tensile strength, making it a vital component in the production of various alloys. Manganese plays a crucial role in biological systems as an essential trace element, participating in enzymatic reactions, particularly in photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Its versatile applications in metallurgy, steel production, and its significance in maintaining biological processes make manganese a multifaceted and valuable element.

Atomic Weight: 54.94
Melting Point: 1244°C
Boiling Point: 1962°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d⁵4s²
Common Oxidation States: +2,3,4,6,7
Number of Valence Electrons: 7

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a transition metal known for its exceptional strength and magnetic properties. In its natural form, iron is a vital component of Earth's crust, and it plays a crucial role in biological systems as a key constituent of hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen transport in the blood. Furthermore, iron has various oxidation states, with the most common being Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺, making it essential in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of steel and various alloys.

Atomic Weight: 55.85
Melting Point: 1535°C
Boiling Point: 2750°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d⁶4s²
Common Oxidation States: +3,2
Number of Valence Electrons: 8

Cobalt, with the chemical symbol Co and atomic number 27, is a transition metal that resides in Group 9 of the Periodic Table. It is characterized by its silver-gray appearance and exceptional magnetic properties, making it a crucial component in the production of high-strength, permanent magnets. Cobalt is also a vital element in the formation of vitamin B12, an essential nutrient for humans and other organisms. 

Atomic Weight: 58.93
Melting Point: 1495°C
Boiling Point: 2870°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d⁷4s²
Common Oxidation States: +2,3
Number of Valence Electrons: 9

Nickel (Ni) is a chemical element with the atomic number 28, positioned in the transition metal d-block of the Periodic Table. It is characterized by its silvery-white appearance and exceptional resistance to corrosion and oxidation, making it a valuable material for various industrial applications, including stainless steel production and electroplating. Nickel is also known for its magnetic properties, as it can become permanently magnetized when alloyed with other elements, such as iron and cobalt.

Atomic Weight: 58.69
Melting Point: 1453°C
Boiling Point: 2730°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d⁸4s²
Common Oxidation States: +2,3
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Copper, with the atomic number 29, is a transition metal known for its distinct reddish-brown color. It has excellent electrical conductivity, making it a critical component in electrical wiring and circuitry. Additionally, copper is valued for its malleability and ductility, allowing it to be easily shaped and formed into various objects, such as pipes and coins.

Atomic Weight: 63.55
Melting Point: 1083°C
Boiling Point: 2567°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s¹
Common Oxidation States: +2,1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Zinc (Zn), with an atomic number of 30, is a transition metal found in the d-block of the Periodic Table. It is characterized by a bluish-white luster and is known for its high corrosion resistance, making it a vital element for galvanization processes, protecting iron and steel from rust. Zinc also plays a crucial role as a cofactor in various enzymes and is essential for the proper functioning of numerous biological processes, including DNA synthesis and immune system function.

Atomic Weight: 65.38
Melting Point: 419.6°C
Boiling Point: 906°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration:  [Ar]3d²4s²
Common Oxidation States: +2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Gallium, with the atomic number 31, is a unique metal that possesses a low melting point of approximately 29.8 degrees Celsius (85.6 degrees Fahrenheit), allowing it to liquefy when held in the palm of one's hand. This characteristic makes it a crucial component in certain high-temperature thermometers and coolants. Gallium also exhibits a fascinating property known as supercooling, where it remains in liquid form below its melting point until agitated, showcasing its remarkable liquid-solid phase transition behavior. 

Atomic Weight: 69.72
Melting Point: 29.8°C
Boiling Point: 2403°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²2p¹
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Germanium (Ge) is a chemical element with atomic number 32. It is a metalloid, situated in Group 14 of the Periodic Table, and it possesses properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Germanium is commonly used in semiconductors and optical devices due to its excellent conductivity properties and its ability to manipulate and transmit light, making it an essential component in various electronic applications.

Atomic Weight: 72.63
Melting Point: 947.4°C
Boiling Point: 2830°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²4p²
Common Oxidation States: +4,2
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Arsenic, with the chemical symbol As and atomic number 33, is a metalloid element situated in Group 15 of the Periodic Table. Arsenic exhibits a gray, metallic appearance in its most common form, but it is notorious for its toxicity. In nature, it is often found in various minerals and ores. Its compounds have both industrial applications, such as in semiconductors, and a dark history as a poison. Arsenic's chemical behavior includes a wide range of oxidation states, making it versatile in chemical reactions and a subject of interest in environmental and toxicological studies.

Atomic Weight: 74.92
Melting Point: 817°C
Boiling Point: 617°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²4p³
Common Oxidation States: ±3,+5
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Selenium, with the atomic number 34, is a non-metal element situated in Group 16 of the Periodic Table. It is characterized by its semiconducting properties, making it vital in the electronics industry. Selenium is also an essential trace element in biology, serving as a cofactor for certain enzymes, but its excessive consumption can be toxic, highlighting the delicate balance in its biological functions.

Atomic Weight: 78.97
Melting Point: 817°C
Boiling Point: 617°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²4p⁴
Common Oxidation States: +4,−2,+6
Number of Valence Electrons: 6

Bromine is a halogen element with the atomic number 35 and symbol Br. It exists as a deep-red, volatile liquid at room temperature, making it the only non-metallic element that is liquid under these conditions. Bromine is highly reactive, readily forming diatomic molecules (Br2) and exhibiting characteristics common to halogens, such as its ability to displace less electronegative elements in chemical reactions.

Atomic Weight: 79.90
Melting Point: -7.2°C
Boiling Point: 58.8°C
Phase at STP: Liquid
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²4p⁵
Common Oxidation States: ±1,+5
Number of Valence Electrons: 7

Krypton (Kr) is a chemical element with the atomic number 36, and it belongs to the noble gases group in the Periodic Table. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas known for its lack of reactivity, making it one of the inert gases. Krypton is primarily used in lighting, such as in fluorescent lights and flash lamps, where its emission spectrum produces a distinctive and bright white light when electrically excited.

Atomic Weight: 83.80
Melting Point: -157°C
Boiling Point: -152°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶
Common Oxidation States: 0
Number of Valence Electrons: 8

Rubidium (Rb) is a chemical element with atomic number 37. It belongs to the alkali metal group in Group 1 of the Periodic Table, sharing this category with elements like sodium and potassium. Rubidium is a highly reactive, soft, silvery-white metal that rapidly oxidizes upon exposure to air and readily forms compounds with other elements. It is primarily used in research, such as in the study of atomic clocks, due to its propensity for atomic transitions and its application in laser cooling and trapping techniques.

Atomic Weight: 85.47
Melting Point: 38.9°C
Boiling Point: 686°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]5s¹
Common Oxidation States: 1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Strontium (Sr), with an atomic number of 38, is a metallic element belonging to Group 2 (alkaline earth metals) of the Periodic Table. It shares several chemical characteristics with calcium, making it an essential component in some biological processes. Strontium's most well-known isotope, strontium-90, is a radioactive byproduct of nuclear fission and poses health and environmental risks due to its radioactivity, while stable strontium isotopes are used in various applications, such as in the production of pyrotechnics and in the study of bone health when administered as a non-radioactive supplement.

Atomic Weight: 87.62
Melting Point: 769°C
Boiling Point: 1384°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]5s²
Common Oxidation States: +2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Yttrium is a chemical element with the symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a transition metal found in the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table, and it is often classified as a rare earth element. Yttrium is notable for its use in the production of phosphors for color television tubes and LED displays due to its ability to emit a red light when exposed to electrons. It also finds applications in various high-temperature superconductors, making it a vital component in advanced materials for technology and energy research.

Atomic Weight: 88.91
Melting Point: 1523°C
Boiling Point: 3337°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹5s2
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Zirconium (symbol Zr, atomic number 40) is a lustrous, silver-gray transition metal found in Group 4 of the Periodic Table. It is known for its impressive resistance to corrosion, making it a crucial component in the construction of nuclear reactors, as zirconium alloys are used as fuel rod cladding to contain radioactive materials. Zirconium compounds are also employed in various industrial applications, including catalysis, ceramics, and the production of high-performance alloys due to its strong mechanical properties and excellent heat resistance.

Atomic Weight: 91.22
Melting Point: 1852°C
Boiling Point: 4377°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d²5s²
Common Oxidation States: +4
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Niobium, with the chemical symbol Nb and atomic number 41, is a transition metal known for its remarkable properties. This element is characterized by its high melting point and exceptional resistance to corrosion, making it a valuable component in the production of superalloys used in aerospace and nuclear industries. Additionally, niobium's ability to form stable oxides contributes to its widespread use in the manufacturing of superconducting materials and advanced electrical components, enhancing their performance in various applications.

Atomic Weight: 92.91
Melting Point: 2468°C
Boiling Point: 4742°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d⁴5s¹
Common Oxidation States: ±3,+5
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Molybdenum (Mo), with atomic number 42, is a transition metal situated in Group 6 of the Periodic Table. It is characterized by its silvery-gray appearance and is notable for its exceptionally high melting point, making it valuable in high-temperature applications such as in the aerospace and steel industries. Molybdenum plays a vital role as a cofactor in various enzymes, particularly those involved in nitrogen metabolism, and it is an essential trace element for both plants and animals.

Atomic Weight: 95.95
Melting Point: 2617°C
Boiling Point: 4612°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d⁵5s¹
Common Oxidation States: +6,3,5
Number of Valence Electrons: 6

Technetium is a chemical element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the first element in the periodic table that does not have any stable isotopes, making it highly radioactive. Technetium has a variety of applications in nuclear medicine, as certain radioactive isotopes of technetium are used in diagnostic imaging procedures, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans, due to its ability to emit gamma radiation while having a relatively short half-life.

Atomic Weight: 98.00
Melting Point: 2172°C
Boiling Point: 4877°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d⁵5s²
Common Oxidation States: +7,4,6
Number of Valence Electrons: 7

Ruthenium (Ru), with an atomic number of 44, is a transition metal found in the periodic table. It is characterized by its silvery-white appearance and is part of the platinum group of metals. Ruthenium is known for its exceptional hardness, high melting point, and resistance to corrosion, making it valuable in various industrial applications, such as catalysis, electronics, and jewelry production.

Atomic Weight: 101.1
Melting Point: 2310°C
Boiling Point: 3900°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d⁷5s¹
Common Oxidation States: +4,3,6,8
Number of Valence Electrons: 8

Rhodium is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare and precious transition metal known for its remarkable resistance to corrosion and its distinct silver-white appearance. Rhodium is frequently used as a catalyst in various industrial processes, particularly in the automotive industry, where it helps reduce harmful emissions by catalyzing reactions in catalytic converters.

Atomic Weight: 102.9
Melting Point: 1966°C
Boiling Point: 3727°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d⁸5s¹
Common Oxidation States: +3,4,6
Number of Valence Electrons: 9

Palladium (Pd), with the atomic number 46, is a silvery-white transition metal known for its remarkable catalytic properties. It belongs to the platinum group of elements and exhibits a high level of corrosion resistance. Palladium is widely used in catalytic converters to facilitate the conversion of harmful pollutants into less toxic substances in automotive exhaust, making it a vital component in reducing air pollution. 

Atomic Weight: 106.4
Melting Point: 1554°C
Boiling Point: 3140°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰
Common Oxidation States: +2,4
Number of Valence Electrons: 10

Silver, with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47, is a lustrous transition metal that exhibits exceptional electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. It is known for its brilliant white color and is prized for its use in coinage, jewelry, and various industrial applications. Silver's atomic structure comprises 47 protons, 47 electrons, and 61 neutrons, and it is characterized by its high reflectivity of visible light, rendering it invaluable in the production of mirrors and optical instruments.

Atomic Weight: 107.9
Melting Point: 962°C
Boiling Point: 2212°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s1
Common Oxidation States: +1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Cadmium (Cd) is a chemical element with atomic number 48 and is located in Group 12 of the Periodic Table. It is a transition metal known for its bluish-white luster and malleable, ductile properties. Cadmium is notable for its toxicity and is considered a hazardous heavy metal, often used in batteries, pigments, and protective coatings, but its usage is restricted due to its environmental and health risks.

Atomic Weight: 112.4
Melting Point: 320.9°C
Boiling Point: 765°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²
Common Oxidation States: +2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Indium (In), a chemical element with atomic number 49, is a soft, silvery-white metal known for its unique properties. It is primarily used in the electronics industry due to its exceptional electrical conductivity and semiconducting capabilities. Indium's malleability, low melting point, and ability to adhere to glass and other materials make it a vital component in the production of indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent and electrically conductive coating used in touchscreens, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and solar cells.

Atomic Weight: 114.8
Melting Point: 156.6°C
Boiling Point: 2080°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p¹
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Tin (Sn), with an atomic number of 50, is a metallic element found in Group 14 of the Periodic Table. It exhibits a silvery-gray luster and is known for its malleability, making it easy to shape into various forms. Tin has several isotopes, but the most stable and abundant form is tin-118, and it is widely used in various industrial applications, including the production of solder and as a protective coating for other metals to prevent corrosion.

Atomic Weight: 118.7
Melting Point: 232°C
Boiling Point: 2270°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p²
Common Oxidation States: +4,2
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51. It is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element that falls in the p-block of the Periodic Table. Antimony is known for its unique property of expanding when it solidifies, making it valuable in certain applications, such as as an alloying agent in lead-acid batteries and the production of flame-retardant materials. It is also used in some niche areas of electronics and as a catalyst in various chemical reactions.

Atomic Weight: 121.8
Melting Point: 631°C
Boiling Point: 1950°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p³
Common Oxidation States: +3,5
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Tellurium (Te) is a chemical element with the atomic number 52 and belongs to the chalcogen group on the periodic table. It is a metalloid, exhibiting both metallic and non-metallic properties. Tellurium is known for its unique crystallographic structures and is primarily used in the semiconductor industry for its semiconducting properties, making it an essential component in various electronic devices.

Atomic Weight: 127.6
Melting Point: 449.5°C
Boiling Point: 989.8°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²25p⁴
Common Oxidation States: +4,6,−2
Number of Valence Electrons: 6

Iodine, with the chemical symbol I and atomic number 53, is a halogen located in Group 17 of the Periodic Table. It exists as a diatomic molecule, I2, in its elemental form and is known for its distinctive dark violet color and a characteristic pungent odor. Iodine plays a crucial role in biological systems as an essential component of thyroid hormones, regulating metabolic processes in the human body, and it also finds applications in organic synthesis and as a disinfectant.

Atomic Weight: 126.9
Melting Point: 113.5°C
Boiling Point: 184°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p⁵
Common Oxidation States: −1,+5,7
Number of Valence Electrons: 7

Xenon (Xe), a noble gas with the atomic number 54, is characterized by its remarkable stability and lack of reactivity due to a full complement of electrons in its electron configuration. It exists as a colorless, odorless gas under standard conditions and is commonly used in various lighting applications, such as in xenon arc lamps and vehicle headlights, owing to its ability to emit bright and intense light when electrically stimulated.

Atomic Weight: 131.3
Melting Point: -111.8°C
Boiling Point: -107.1°C
Phase at STP: Gas
Electronic Configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p⁶
Common Oxidation States: 0
Number of Valence Electrons: 8

Cesium is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal situated in Group 1 of the Periodic Table, known for its exceptional reactivity with air and water. Cesium is notable for its low ionization energy, making it a key component in atomic clocks and various industrial applications, and it is one of the most electropositive and highly reactive elements known.

Atomic Weight: 132.9
Melting Point: 28.4°C
Boiling Point: 669°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Xe]6s¹
Common Oxidation States: +1
Number of Valence Electrons: 1

Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It belongs to Group 2, Period 6 of the Periodic Table, known as the alkaline earth metals. Barium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal that readily oxidizes in air and forms various compounds, with barium sulfate and barium carbonate being among the most common. Due to its ability to absorb X-rays effectively, barium compounds are used in radiography and medical imaging to visualize the gastrointestinal tract, making barium a crucial element in the field of diagnostic medicine.

Atomic Weight: 137.3
Melting Point: 725°C
Boiling Point: 1640°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Xe]6s²
Common Oxidation States: +2
Number of Valence Electrons: 2

Lanthanum (La), with atomic number 57, is a silvery-white, rare-earth metal found in the f-block of the Periodic Table. It is notable for its high electron affinity, excellent electrical conductivity, and its use in various high-tech applications, including in the production of strong permanent magnets. Lanthanum also exhibits a relatively low melting point and can be alloyed with other elements to improve the mechanical properties of materials, making it valuable in the development of specialized alloys.

Atomic Weight: 138.9
Melting Point: 920°C
Boiling Point: 3454°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Xe]5d¹6s²
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Lanthanum (La), with atomic number 57, is a silvery-white, rare-earth metal found in the f-block of the Periodic Table. It is notable for its high electron affinity, excellent electrical conductivity, and its use in various high-tech applications, including in the production of strong permanent magnets. Lanthanum also exhibits a relatively low melting point and can be alloyed with other elements to improve the mechanical properties of materials, making it valuable in the development of specialized alloys.

Atomic Weight: 140.1
Melting Point: 798°C
Boiling Point: 3257°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Xe]4f¹5d¹6s²
Common Oxidation States: +3,4
Number of Valence Electrons: 4

Praseodymium, with the chemical symbol Pr and atomic number 59, is a rare earth element located in the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that exhibits unique magnetic properties, such as ferromagnetism, at low temperatures. Praseodymium is commonly used in certain alloys and in the production of strong permanent magnets, owing to its ability to enhance the magnetic strength of materials, making it a valuable component in various technological applications.

Atomic Weight: 140.9
Melting Point: 931°C
Boiling Point: 3017°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Xe]4f³6s²
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 5

Neodymium, with the atomic symbol Nd and atomic number 60, is a rare earth metal situated in the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table. It possesses a silvery-white appearance and is known for its strong magnetic properties. Neodymium is a critical component in the production of high-strength permanent magnets used in various applications, including electric motors and generators, making it an essential element in modern technology.

Atomic Weight: 144.2
Melting Point: 1016°C
Boiling Point: 3127°C
Phase at STP: Solid
Electronic Configuration: [Xe]4f⁴6s²
Common Oxidation States: +3
Number of Valence Electrons: 6